Pain: A Measurable Experience?
April 28, 2013 § 1 Comment
We usually learn what pain is from our earliest experiences of physical tissue damage although pain may also have a psychological basis.
Painful Elbow (istock)
We can describe pain as a subjective felt experience since it is influenced by an individual’s feelings, mind, and experience. That’s why pain can be so tricky to diagnose and treat. It is so intangible.
When working with adults in my clinical practice, I often use the Visual Analog Pain Scale (pain levels of 1-10) to both evaluate levels of pain and to measure the effectiveness of a treatment protocol. Health insurance companies repeatedly challenge practitioners to justify the need for treatment. Ultimately, the patient loses because it is so difficult to measure or verify the type of pain being experienced which can interfere with patients getting the help they need.
There also is the most vulnerable population to consider, those who may not be able to describe their pain because they are either too young or elderly, minimally conscious, or cognitively impaired.
All together, these factors beg the question, is pain a measurable experience? If pain could be quantified, what impact would that have on diagnosing and managing pain?
Tor Wager’s fMRI Pain Studies
In a series of four studies, Tor Wager and colleagues set out to objectively measure and predict pain intensity through the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain scans. Their findings look to be a game changer.
Study #1
In the first study, 20 normal, healthy human subjects were exposed to varying levels of heat and then their brains were scanned in order to identify which brain structures were involved and whether any identifiable patterns would emerge. What they discovered was a neurological signature for heat-induced pain, that is, specific brain regions consistently lit up more than 94% of the time. The signature was discovered to be specific to pain and sensitive to changes in heat intensity. Brain maps were generated from these initial findings and then applied to new participants in Study #2, in an effort to predict pain.
Study #2
In the second study, the neurological signature identified in Study #1 was tested with a new group of 33 participants. This study aimed at predicting pain by measuring the intensity of pain via the ability to discriminate between painful heat and nonpainful warmth across six temperatures. The researchers were able to show that the signature response increased as the pain intensity increased, resulting in the creation of a code using a 100-point Visual Analog Scale that was about 93% accurate. The results suggested that the neurological signature was measuring the subjective sensation of pain as well as the intensity of somatic stimulation. They also found that the signature response discriminated between intense and mild nonpainful warmth. This is a very significant finding because it may be useful in further studies of allodynia or hyperalgesia, two unusual types of pain.
Study #3
The third study was a test for specificity. The researchers took the results of the first two studies involving the mapped neurological signature and the ability to predict pain, and added in the new component of social pain. In this case, 40 participants were studied who had recently experienced a romantic break-up and were still suffering from feelings of rejection. In addition to being exposed to painful and nonpainful heat, they also viewed an image of a close friend and an image of the “rejecter.” Which brain structures would be involved now? While researchers were able to discern that regions for physical and social pain were both activated, the neurological signature still clearly discriminated between physical pain and social pain.
Study #4
This study explored how the neurological signature for pain would respond to the administration of the opiod agonist remifentanil during fMRI scanning. The goal was to elicit analgesia without sedating the participant while they were exposed to a painful heat stimulation or a warm stimulation. They found a parallel response, that as the effects of the drug on the brain increased, the signature response decreased up to 53%.
Why This Study is Important
This study successfully identified a fairly universal and reliable neurological signature brain pattern for heat-associated pain. It also validates earlier studies aimed at measuring sensitivity and specificity for pain using fMRI scans. More studies are needed before it can become clinically useful. Since the study was done with healthy persons, there is much work to be done in assessing individuals who are in pain. Although the task is daunting and there are so many variables, this study makes a very important contribution.
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References:
The International Association for the Study of Pain
An fMRI-Based Neurologic Signature of Physical Pain by Tor D. Wager, Ph.D., Lauren Y. Atlas, Ph.D., Martin A. Lindquist, Ph.D., Mathieu Roy, Ph.D., Choong-Wan Woo, M.A., and Ethan Kross, Ph.D. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1388-1397April 11, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1204471
The researchers used data-mining algorithms to search for brain patterns in subjects who were exposed to different levels of heat. What they found was surprising. Instead of the patterns being unique to each individual studied, they found that pain patterns manifest as neurological signatures across multiple brain structures.
‘A Massive Generation of Sick People’
February 15, 2013 § Leave a Comment
Aging and Health Care
Those are the words Reuben Greg Brewer used when blogging about the recent JAMA study which found that today’s baby boomers are sicker than their parents were at the same age, suffering from chronic illness and disability related to diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and dependence upon prescription medications.
How often I have heard my own mother say (who is now 80 and who just underwent her third joint replacement surgery), “These pills are keeping me alive.”
While the gist of Mr. Brewer’s blog trumpets health-field related investment opportunities for the savvy (Weight Watchers, Nutrisystem, Pfizer, Procter & Gamble, Teva Pharmaceuticals, CVS Caremark), it really is a sad commentary on the general state of health in these modern times and a confirmation that chronic illness is big business in the Western world.
What’s wrong with this picture?
Research about the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle and stress is not new, by any means.
Why have we as a society bought into the illusion of “the magic pill?”
Why have the majority of people refused to take responsibility for their own health and wellness?
We are finite beings. We have limitations. We wear out.
What changes are you willing to make now, today, to improve your chances of aging well? Although your body is ready, willing and able to restore function and mobility, beware of waiting too long.
A final thought, will you invest in yourself and/or in health-related companies on the stock exhange, each offering a unique ‘golden opportunity’?
Wow, I’m Sixty Years Old Today! Where Did the Time Go?
January 6, 2013 § 2 Comments
New York August 2012
Maureena & Tim
Yes, another year has rolled around and I find myself another decade older this time. For all you youngsters out there, you will eventually understand the reality of the often repeated phrase, “I don’t feel any older, I am the same person I have always been . . .” yet, truth be told, when I look in the mirror, I see the changes in my body and my face—gravity! Some days, my bones can be a little achy too. However, I am still as keenly interested in everything that makes like worth living: loving relationships, passion for learning, enjoyment of my surroundings, meaningful work and activity, and a good measure of health.
Last year at this time, I was preparing for a parathyroidectomy—the surgical removal of a parathyroid gland that had become dysfunctional. The parathyroid glands play such an important role in body chemistry, bone production, and health. I was fortunate to find an excellent surgeon with a crack team, Dr. Michael Yeh, at UCLA. The surgery was successful and I have been experiencing a good recovery. Surgery, like chronic pain or illness, is always taxing to the body and can be very depleting. My main concern was how to support the healing process and to optimize the healing of the surgical incision. As many of my readers know, scar tissue is a topic I am keenly interested in and I am happy to report that the therapies I used post surgery supported the optimal healing of my surgical incision, leaving few internal adhesions.
I’m so grateful to have accumulated so much experience in the holistic field of medicine which has helped me come back stronger than before. At the present time, my personal health recovery regimen includes chiropractic, acupuncture, herbal medicine, and movement and body alignment practices (Alexander Technique, Restorative Exercise, and Pilates). My goal this year is to become even more aware of my body alignment, knowing that the way I move in my body and how each part communicates with the next, will determine my capacity for regeneration and strength and will help me to correct and limit the patterns that underlie chronic degeneration. No matter what our age, isn’t that the best choice to make?
How will you support your self, your body, and your health this coming year?
P. S. I am so enjoying the gift that cumulative life experience brings to all aspects of my life!
Winter Flows in the Water Element
January 1, 2013 § Leave a Comment
The Transformative Nature of Water
The amazing properties of water are well understood in scientific research. Its ability to change states from a liquid to a gas or a solid (depicted in the beautiful image of the lake with rising fog and clouds above), make it a unique constituent of all living systems. Water is also a solvent, capable of dissolving other substances in order to produce unique solutions vital to sustain our physiological processes and life on this planet.
The Water Element
Winter is the season of the Water Element in Traditional Chinese Medicine’s (TCM) Five Element Theory which depicts the generating cycle of life (Ko). The energetics of winter are yin which foster time for reflection, introspection, and quietude in order to to nurture one’s inner self. My favorite author on this topic is Eldon Haas, author of Staying Healthy With the Seasons. He asserts that giving the appropriate attention and support to the meridian and organ systems assigned to the Water Element during its dominant season will help us to move into spring with renewed vitality and purpose.
The Kidney/Bladder Meridian and Organ Systems
In the Ko cycle, the Kidney/Bladder meridian and organ systems are represented by the Water Element.
The Ko Cycle
The Kidneys represent the deepest energies of the body because they are involved in the generation of vitality, the self, the brain, bones, and marrow. The Bladder meridian and organ system are responsible for separating the pure from the impure which aligns well with the western physiological model of filtering the blood, recycling substances, and eliminating waste.
Water is also associated with bodily fluids in TCM, such as blood, lymphatic fluid, saliva, urine, tears, cerebral spinal fluid, and perspiration. These fluids help the body function optimally by delivering nourishment and moisture and by carrying away waste products.
Salt is the flavor associated with the Water Element. Have you ever found yourself craving salty foods? This may signal an imbalance in your Kidney/Bladder system.
Fear and terror are the emotions expressed by the Kidney organ in TCM. If you find yourself feeling fearful, negative, anxious, or aching, think of an imbalance in this vital system. I’ve seen many patients who experience free-floating anxiety even when their life is going well. This is often due to the dominance of cold qi emanating from the Kidney which reduces the fire of the Kidney’s yang energies which must rise to the brain to support clear thinking.
Deficient Water energy can lead to hyperactivity, difficulty sleeping, and reduced understanding and compassion for others (an inability to listen) while an excess of Water can cause sluggishness, frustration, and a feeling of heaviness. The latter results from a breakdown in the body’s inability to transform water in the body.
When the organ and meridian systems assigned to the Water Element are functioning optimally, the skin is benefited through the release of toxins via perspiration. The color, tone, and clarity of your skin, the sparkle in your eyes or lack of it, and the texture and thickness of your hair also provide clues to a healthy or stressed Water Element.
Supporting The Water Element During Winter
Warm food, rest, warm clothing, and the warmth of friendship and companionship will help you to successfully navigate the winter season. Watch your calorie intake because we are usually less active during the winter. Cook with miso, garlic, ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, onions, cayenne, and turmeric to warm you body and delight your senses! Seaweeds eaten toasted, raw, or in soups can also replenish the Kidneys. Elson Haas, recommends herbal teas concocted from the following western soft and hard roots, barks, seeds, leaves, and flowers: comfrey, burdock, fennel seed, ginger root, fenugreek, chamomile, and peppermint, to name just a few!
Stay healthy and well this season!
Palpation: The Use of Touch in Dis-Ease
November 23, 2012 § Leave a Comment
Dis-ease is a key precursor to illness.
It is a state of subtle energetic imbalance which may reflect deep-seated experiences of anguish, grief, distress, misfortune, suffering, or trial.
If relief is delayed too long, the energetics associated with these states of being may eventually materialize in the tissues of the body, towards a diagnostically identifiable state of physical disease. Hans Selye described this process as “the general syndrome of sickness” and identified energetic signs which usually preceded the appearance of an illness or disease related to loss of adaptation (one’s physiological capacity for stress regulation).
Diagnosing subtle energetic imbalances is a primary component of Oriental (Asian, Chinese, Korean, Japanese) medical theory and practice. A stand-alone system of health care, it utilizes four basic observations: questioning, listening, smelling, and palpation.
Palpation as a Preventative Tool
Hara Palpation Zones
In Oriental medicine’s Hara diagnosis, abdominal palpation is used effectively to pick up on subtle energetic imbalances in body systems which have not yet shown up as symptoms of disease, such as a mass or tumor.
The hara is the body’s energetic and physical center, the core of a person’s vitality. All the primary meridians root in the hara so any tenderness on palpation, tightness, indentation, temperature variation, change in skin color or texture or swelling, indicates an imbalance in a particular organ and meridian system which responds rather quickly to treatment at this stage.
This diagnostic tool is highly valued as it can identify subtle changes even if a person’s tongue, pulse or lack of symptoms seem to fall in the ”normal” range.
But there is something more to palpation that is equally as intriguing—the energetic exchange that occurs between practitioner and patient when acupoints are palpated. Research has demonstrated that acupoints along the meridians exhibit distinctive electrical qualities. Palpation of an acupoint prior to inserting a needle affects the qi of the point, helping the practitioner achieve the best results via depth of insertion, angle, direction, and location.
That’s why I love what I do!
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Reference:
Hara Diagnosis: Reflections on the Sea by Kiiko Matsumoto & Stephen Birch
Is It Aging, Lifestyle, or Genetics?
November 18, 2012 § Leave a Comment
What did you think of the results of the Copenhagen Heart Study released November 6, 2012, at a meeting of the American Heart Association?
Image: AHA
The study linked four visible signs of aging to an increased risk of heart disease and heart attack:
- Balding on the top of the head
- Loss of hair at the temples
- Fatty deposits on the eyelid
- Vertical crease on the earlobe
What fascinates me about this study is that researchers found that an individual’s risk (both men and women) increased with the number of aging factors present, whether or not they were smokers, had high cholesterol, or high blood pressure.
An interesting puzzle, won’t you agree?
Mobility, Myofascial Restriction, and The Turn of the Screw
October 23, 2012 § 3 Comments
Simply put, mobility is what separates the living from the dead. That’s why cultivating and retaining it should be a primary focus of healthy aging. However, the gradual loss of movement is so subtle that we are taken completely by surprise when one day, basic movements like looking over our shoulder, bending over, unscrewing the lid of a jar, or buttoning up a shirt become hard to do. Further, loss of mobility is often coupled with chronic joint and muscle pain, putting a damper on one’s efforts to stay active. Two key factors that herald this downward spiral are the loss of adaptation and compensation.
Adaptation and Compensation
Adaptation is the term coined by Hans Selye, who explored homeostasis and stress regulation in the 1970s. More recently, this concept has been expanded to include Sterling’s concept of allostasis, which describes the body’s capacity to adjust moment-by-moment to internal and external changes in the body or stressors in the environment. This process may involve phases of tissue breakdown or tissue repair. Over time, the body’s ability to effectively adapt to insults or challenges diminishes, losing its capacity to compensate mentally, emotionally, and physically.
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome-
Google Images
Bodily compensation refers to the ways the body changes its structure and function to accommodate chronic changes linked to inflammatory conditions, injuries, or surgery, in an effort to stabilize and protect important structures like arteries, organs, spine, and brain. These changes are easily seen in myofascial tension or strain patterns which are often multi-layered, reflecting the cumulative nature of compensatory patterns.
How do myofascial tension patterns affect tissue mobility and function over time, impacting one’s health and well-being?
Multi-layered myofascial tension patterns and bodily compensation work hand-in-hand to keep us going after our body has suffered structural changes.
Fascia is the ubiquitous connective tissue matrix that gives our body structures and organs their shape. Myofascial tension patterns develop as ligaments, tendons, and fascial tissues are recruited to act as guy wires (to brace) or struts (to resist compression) to stabilize and support the body.
Patterns may manifest as a torsion or twist, as hips or shoulders attempt to counterbalance each other, one in the anterior plane and the other displaced in the posterior plane. Or, there may be a top/bottom pattern, often seen in whiplash injuries, where the forward displacement of the neck is counterbalanced by tension in the low back. This pattern is also associated with years of computer-related head-forward posture. Adhesions related to scar tissue can also induce abnormal motility patterns in visceral organs, reducing normal patterns of excursion.
Eventually, trigger points form, creating patterns of referred pain, further altering normal neuromuscular function by reducing range of motion. Finally, nerve entrapment contributes to movement-induced chronic pain.
Time, wear and tear, inactivity, and reduced range of motion become the turn of the screw that leads to decompensation, phase four of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome. Decompensation occurs when the body no longer has the resources or raw material (reduced hormones, strength, and function) necessary to sustain compensatory patterns. Joints, discs, and bones begin to breakdown, muscles and visceral organs lose their tone and torpor sets in, accelerating the aging process.
Not a pretty picture, yet it is the common pattern facing us all. Make the choice today to enhance your chances of aging well.
Aging well involves the foods we choose to eat, our activity level, social support, thinking patterns, movement practices that support functional anatomy (Feldenkrais or the Alexander Technique), as well as the support of practitioners who can help us improve and maintain our mobility: acupuncture, myofascial release, frequency specific microcurrent, craniosacral therapy, or rolfing.
What are you doing to age well?
Are You or Someone You Love An ‘Almost Psychopath’?
October 17, 2012 § 4 Comments
Wow, a new emerging diagnostic term for people who share some of the same personality features as real psychopaths. And did you know that there are more ‘almost psychopaths‘ in the world than real psychopaths according to researchers at Harvard Medical School, Dr. Kormaroff, and authors Ron Schouten and Jim Silver? In their new book, Schouten and Silver will help you discover whether you or someone you love are an ‘almost psychopath.’
According to Schouten and Silver, an ‘almost psychopath’ is characterized by the following traits: grandiosity, exaggerated self-worth, pathological lying, manipulation, lack of remorse, shallowness, and exploitation for financial gain.
Can you just imagine the conversations that will arise? ”Dear, we have to talk. I think you are an ‘almost psychopath’ . . .”
With this new label, the world just got a little more scary.
Managing Cellulite
October 1, 2012 § Leave a Comment
Whether a teen or an adult, cellulite is the bane of all women. If fact, one statistic I came across claimed that the percentage of cellulite in women compared to men is 90:10, respectively. That’s estrogen for you! On top of that, many women feel so much cultural pressure to look a certain way that changes in appearance can become quite distressing. What’s a girl to do?
Well, this discussion is going to take us beyond the aesthetics of appearance to consider how cellulite is actually a visible clue of deeper levels of change in the body related to health and function. Choosing to stay healthy is a powerful motivator which can help us manage cellulite in a way that goes beyond vanity towards improving both our appearance and our health! We begin by discussing four key factors in the development of cellulite: collagen, fat, estrogen, and circulation.
Orange Peel
The Big Four: Collagen, Fat, Estrogen, and Circulation
Collagen is a chief constituent of the connective tissue matrix (ECM or fascia) that forms the skin, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Cellulite is the adipose fatty tissue component of the fascia which lies between the skin and the muscles. While the matrix gives the body its shape and allows structures under the skin to slide past each other, fatty adipose tissue serves to insulate the body from cold or heat, stores energy and nutrients, and cushions the body and organs against impact. Estrogen, a hormone circulated in the blood, has been implicated in the formation of cellulite, either due to a lack of it or an excess of it in the body. Aging and obesity lead to reduced microcirculation of blood, depriving the ECM 0f necessary nutrients for the adequate production of collagen fibers to support the structure of the matrix. Dehydration and thinning of the matrix causes the skin to lose its elasticity and tone, allowing underlying fatty deposits to expand and push up against the skin’s surface, creating cellulite’s signature orange peel appearance.
Naming Cellulite as a Problem
According to Scientific American, cellulite first began to be considered a problem in the 1970s. Research has linked it to smoking, stress hormones, endocrine imbalance, genetics, contraceptives, edema, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor diet. We could probably add exposure to estrogenic chemical compounds to the list too.
Unfortunately, rising numbers of young people are succumbing to obesity due to the Standard American Diet (S.A.D.). The appearance of cellulite at younger and younger ages signals dysfunction in the body related to excess intake of fat, endocrine dysfunction, poor circulation, and loss of collagen, something that should alarm us all.
Managing Cellulite
Today, the cultural anxiety surrounding cellulite has fueled an explosion of products and treatments to address the condition. To counteract the breakdown of tissue in the body, increase circulation, and balance hormone production, dermatologists, researchers, and clinicians suggest the following approaches:
• Increase circulation to the area – cupping and gua sha are very effective
• Flush toxins – lymphatic drainage
• Strengthen collagen – exercise, walking, dancing, stretching, vitamin C
• Reduce dietary fat — add more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, water
As they say, knowledge is power. Hopefully these tips will help you manage cellulite by addressing the underlying conditions that promote it.
To your health!
Phasing Into Fall
September 24, 2012 § 2 Comments
Attunement
Does it feel as if time is slowing down?
Have you recently had moments when time seemed to stand still?
What about your thoughts and activities? Have you noticed a subtle shift away from doing towards a deeper level of contemplation, towards being?
Or perhaps you feel more tranquil, experiencing an expanding sense of harmony and well-being in spite of a busy schedule?
If you can relate to these questions, then you are becoming attuned to the seasons. Attunement is that wonderful feeling of being in sync with the natural rhythms and cycles of life around us. Each season brings forth new possibilities, presenting unique opportunities to reassess ourselves on many levels, and if needed, to realign our life path to better attain our goals.
Late Summer
Late Summer
Late summer is a powerful transitional time for the earth and all the creatures living on it. A kind of metamorphosis occurs as yang energies phase into yin energies making it the season for rooting into the earth, grounding, according to Traditional Chinese Medicine’s Five Element Theory.
In TCM, late summer is assigned to the Earth element which represents the Stomach/Spleen/Pancreas zang-fu organs and meridian pathways of the digestive system. These organ systems sustain our life, freeing up nutrients to sustain the body’s qi or energies so that body systems can function, repair, and thrive. Abundant qi also strengthens the body’s wei qi energies associated with immunity. Finally, the digestive system forms our literal core or center, the internal place from which we move out into the world.
Foods Tips for Late Summer
Paul Pitchford, renown author of Healing With Whole Foods, recommends that we choose harmonizing foods that represent the center between summer and winter. The foods should be prepared simply, without too much seasonings. Here is a partial list:
- sweet potatoes, squash, cabbage, corn, garbanzo beans, peas, yams, potatoes, soybeans, tofu
- rice, sweet rice, amaranth
- cantaloupe, apricots
- filberts, chestnuts
Fasting and Detoxing
Many people choose late summer/early fall to do a short fast or follow a detox program to ready themselves for winter. Speak to your health care practitioner to determine the best approach for you.
Be Resolved
Be resolved to take time for yourself through this seasonal change. Make it a priority to stay connected or to reconnect with your own internal rhythm and pace–it’s the basis for long-term health and healthy aging.
